Clinical outcomes of submucosal colorectal cancer diagnosed after endoscopic resection: a focus on the need for surgery

Background/Aims@#We aimed to investigate the proportion of and risk factors for residual cancer and/or lymph node metastasis after surgery was performed because of high-risk pathological features in endoscopic resection specimen of suspected superficial submucosal colorectal cancer (SSMC). @*Methods@#We reviewed medical records of 497 patients (58.8 ± 9.8 years, 331 males) undergoing endoscopic resection of suspected SSMC. High-risk pathological features included: deep submucosal cancer invasion ≥ 1,000 μm; positive lymphovascular and/or perineural invasion; poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma; and positive resection margin. We investigated the occurrence of additional surgery and residual cancer and/or lymph node involvement in the surgical specimen. @*Results@#En bloc resection was performed in 447 patients (89.9%). High-risk pathological features were detected in 372 patients (74.8%). Additional surgery was performed in 336 of 372 patients with high-risk pathological features. Of these, 47 surgical specimens (14.0%) showed residual cancer and/or lymph node metastasis. Piecemeal resection was more common in those with residual cancer and/or lymph node involvement than those without (9/47 [19.1%] vs. 24/289 [8.3%], P= 0.032). Positive resection margin was also significantly associated with positive residual cancer and/or lymph node involvement. As the number of high-risk pathological features increased, the risk of regional lymph node metastasis increased proportionally (P= 0.002). @*Conclusions@#High-risk pathological features were frequently detected after endoscopic resection of suspected SSMC while residual cancer and/or lymph node metastasis were not commonly present in the additional surgical specimen. Further optimized strategy for proper endoscopic management of suspected SSMC is necessary.

Primary Gastric Small Cell Carcinoma (Presenting as Linitis Plastica) Diagnosed Using Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy: A Case Report

Small cell carcinomas are the most aggressive, highly malignant neuroendocrine tumors; among these, gastric small cell carcinoma (GSCC) is extremely rare. Here we report a case of a patient with primary GSCC, presenting as linitis plastic, who was diagnosed using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biopsy. With undiagnosed linitis plastica, an 80-year-old woman was referred to our institution. Abdominal computed tomography revealed irregular wall thickening extending from the gastric body to the antrum. Endoscopy suspected to have Borrmann type IV advanced gastric cancer. EUS of the stomach showed diffuse submucosal thickening of the gastric wall, mainly the antrum. EUS-guided bite-on-bite biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of GSCC. In general, GSCC is difficult to diagnose and careful examination is necessary to determine the therapeutic strategy; however, EUS is particularly helpful in the differential diagnosis of a lesion presenting as linitis plastica.

An Epiploic Appendagitis with Right Lower Abdominal Pain / 대한소화기병학회잡지

No abstract available.

An Epiploic Appendagitis with Right Lower Abdominal Pain / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Outcomes of patients treated with Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for uncontrolled variceal hemorrhage

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the mortality, bleeding control rate, and their associated predictors in patients treated with Sengstaken-Blakemore (SB) tube for uncontrolled variceal hemorrhage associated with hemodynamic instability or failure of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: The clinical data of 66 consecutive patients with uncontrolled variceal hemorrhage treated with SB tube at Gyeongsang National University Hospital from October 2010 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The overall success rate of initial hemostasis with SB tube was 75.8%, and the independent factors associated with hemostasis were non-intubated state before SB tube (odds ratio, 8.50; p = 0.007) and Child-Pugh score < 11 (odds ratio, 15.65; p = 0.022). Rebleeding rate after successful initial hemostasis with SB tube was 22.0%, and esophageal rupture occurred in 6.1%. Mortality within 30 days was 42.4%, and the related independent factors with mortality were failure of initial hemostasis with SB tube (hazard ratio, 6.24; p < 0.001) and endotracheal intubation before SB tube (hazard ratio, 2.81; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Since the era of endoscopic band ligation, SB tube might be a beneficial option as a temporary salvage treatment for uncontrolled variceal hemorrhage. However, rescue therapy had a high incidence of fatal complication and rebleeding.

Is Expansion of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Available? / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Clinical outcome of endoscopic management in delayed postpolypectomy bleeding

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The clinical course after endoscopic management of delayed postpolypectomy bleeding (DPPB) has not been clearly determined. This study aimed to assess clinical outcomes after endoscopic hemostasis of DPPB and evaluate risk factors for rebleeding after initial hemostasis. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 198 patients who developed DPPB and underwent endoscopic hemostasis between January 2010 and February 2015. The performance of endoscopic hemostasis was assessed. Rebleeding negative and positive patients were compared. RESULTS: DPPB developed 1.4±1.6 days after colonoscopic polypectomy. All patients achieved initial hemostasis. Clipping was the most commonly used technique. Of 198 DPPB patients, 15 (7.6%) had rebleeding 3.3±2.5 days after initial hemostasis. The number of clips required for hemostasis was higher in the rebleeding positive group (3.2±1.6 vs. 4.2±1.9, P=0.047). Combinations of clipping with other modalities such as injection methods were more common in the rebleeding positive group (67/291, 23.0% vs. 12/17, 70.6%; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a large number of clips and combination therapy were independent risk factors for rebleeding. All the rebleeding cases were successfully managed by repeat endoscopic hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic hemostasis is effective for the management of DPPB because of its high initial hemostasis rate and low rebleeding rate. Endoscopists should carefully observe patients in whom a large number of clips and/or combination therapy have been used to manage DPPB because these may be related to the severity of DPPB and a higher risk of rebleeding.

Physicians Should Provide Shared Decision-Making for Anti-TNF Therapy to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Shared decision-making may increase the effectiveness of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment, as different anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) administrations may have different effects on the quality of life (QOL). Patient preference is integral to the selection of anti-TNFs and their routes of administration, however, previous studies on the patient preference to anti-TNFs are inconsistent and limited. We evaluated the predictive factors for preferences to anti-TNF administrations in IBD patients between March and August in 2015. Consecutive adult IBD patients who received care at one of four university hospitals in Korea were invited to participate in this study. Patients were administered questionnaires about their preferences regarding anti-TNF therapy and QOL. During the study period, 322 IBD patients completed the questionnaires. IBD patients preferred intravenous anti-TNFs to subcutaneous anti-TNFs (2.4:1), and 58.4% of patients preferred shared decision-making. When comparing subcutaneous anti-TNF therapy with intravenous anti-TNF therapy, patients with higher income levels, patients who experienced adverse events with prior medication and patients with a longer disease duration preferred subcutaneous anti-TNF therapy over intravenous anti-TNF therapy (P = 0.043, P = 0.000, and P = 0.029, respectively). In a logistic regression analysis, high income level (odds ratio [OR] 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.5; P = 0.026) and an adverse event with prior medication (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.2–7.2; P = 0.000) and were found to be independent predictors for preference to subcutaneous anti-TNF therapy. Therefore, physicians should share decision-making with their IBD patients regarding the mode of anti-TNF administration.

Pneumatosis Intestinalis in a Patients with Acute Small Bowel Infarction / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Early monitoring for detection of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the time of onset of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ADIH) and related characteristics. METHODS: Adult patients (n = 1,031) treated with first-line antituberculous drugs between February 2009 and January 2013 were enrolled. RESULTS: Of the 1,031 patients, 108 patients (10.5%) developed ADIH a mean of 39.6 +/- 43.7 days after treatment initiation. Twenty-eight patients (25.9%) developed ADIH within 7 days, 73 (67.6%) within 30 days, and the rest after 30 days. The 30-day group. In subgroup analysis, the 40 IU/L (odds ratio [OR], 2.995; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.580 to 5.680; p = 0.001) and presence of anti-hepatitis C virus (OR, 4.204; 95% CI, 1.822 to 9.700, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for development of ADIH. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 70% of the cases of ADIH occurred in the first month of antituberculous treatment, and were associated with continuation of the first-line drug regimen.

Chronic intractable diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal mastocytosis

As mast cells have been highlighted in the pathogenesis of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, a new term "mastocytic enterocolitis" was suggested by Jakate and colleagues to describe an increase in mucosal mast cells in patients with chronic intractable diarrhea and favorable response to treatment with antihistamines. Although it is not an established disease entity, two cases have been reported in the English medical literature. Here, for the first time in Asia, we report another case of chronic intractable diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal mastocytosis. The patient was a 70-year-old male with chronic intractable diarrhea for 3 months; the cause of the diarrhea remained obscure even after exhaustive evaluation. However, biopsy specimens from the jejunum were found to have increased mast cell infiltration, and the patient was successfully treated with antihistamines.

Pneumoretroperitoneum, Pneumomediastinum, Subcutaneous Emphysema After a Rectal Endoscopic Mucosal Resection

An endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is an effective and safe therapeutic technique for treating a patient with a laterally-spreading tumor (LST). Colonoscopic-procedure-related complications are noted to be about 2.8% worldwide, and a perforation is the most common. Most colon perforations cause pneumoperitoneum. However, a perforation within the retroperitoneal portion of the colon (rectum and some of sigmoid colon) may cause an extraperitoneal perforation, and the leaking free air may induce pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema, depending on the amount of discharged air. Herein, we present the case of a patient with an extraperitoneal colon microperforation which manifested as pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema after an EMR for a sigmoid LST, which was successfully treated with medical treatment and endoscopic clipping.

Unexpected Delayed Colon Perforation after the Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection with Snaring of a Laterally Spreading Tumor

Colonic perforation may occur as a complication of diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy. The risk factors for perforation after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) include an inexperienced endoscopist, a large tumor size, and submucosal fibrosis. The mechanisms of perforation include unintended endoscopic resection/dissection and severe thermal injury. Here, we report a case of colon perforation that occurred after ESD with snaring of a laterally spreading tumor. The perforation was completely unexpected because there were no colorectal ESD-associated risk factors for perforation, deep dissection, or severe coagulation injury in our patient.

Spontaneous Regression of an Intraabdominal Desmoid Tumor in a Patient with Total Gastrectomy / 대한내과학회지

Desmoid tumor is rare neoplasm characterized by clonal proliferation of myofibroblasts that do not metastasise, but often exhibit an infiltrative pattern and functional impairment. The etiology of this tumor is unknown, but hormonal, genetic, and physical factors play a role in its development and growth. The clinical behavior and natural history of desmoid tumors remains unpredictable and enigmatic. However, spontaneous regression of desmoid tumors is rare. Here we report spontaneous regression of an intraabdominal desmoid tumor in a patient who underwent total gastrectomy.

Factors Associated with Strabismus after Cataract Extraction and Primary Intraocular Lense Implantation in Congenital Cataracts

PURPOSE: To evaluate factors associated with the development of strabismus after cataract extraction and primary intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: Medical records of 80 patients who had undergone cataract extraction with primary intraocular lens implantation between 6 months and 21 years of age from March 1993 to March 2008 were reviewed. Nine patients (11 eyes) with strabismus before cataract surgery were excluded. Patients were divided into 2 groups; patients with congenital bilateral cataracts (43 patients, 86 eyes) or patients with unilateral cataracts (28 patients, 28 eyes). Data were collected on age at cataract surgery, pre and post-cataract extraction visual acuity, interocular visual acuity differences, nystagmus, operation method, and the existence of associated other ocular diseases to evaluate the association of the onset of strabismus and after cataract. RESULTS: Factors statistically significantly associated with the development of strabismus include presence of nystagmus in bilateral cataracts and postoperative visual acuity differences > 0.3 in unilateral cataracts. A post-cataract extraction mean visual acuity < or = 0.2 and preservation of posterior capsule were significant factors in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children with congenital cataracts should be monitored carefully after cataract surgery for the development of strabismus especially when they have poor postoperative visual acuity, nystagmus, large postoperative interocular visual acuity differences, or preservation of posterior capsule.

Glaucoma Following Pediatric Cataract Surgery: Incidence and Risk Factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 173 eyes which underwent pediatric cataract surgery from June 1998 to December 2009. The following parameters were ascertained: sex, laterality of cataract, age at diagnosis, age at surgery, cataract type, operation methods, optic capture, axial length (AXL), keratometry, follow-up period, and association of general abnormality. RESULTS: Out of the 173 eyes reviewed, 8.6% were diagnosed with glaucoma. The factors not significantly different in the glaucoma group compared to the non-glaucoma group were sex, laterality of cataract, age at diagnosis, AXL, and keratometry (p > 0.05). The incidence of glaucoma was significantly higher in the aphakic group compared to the pseudophakic group. Young age at surgery, no optic capture, pars plana lensectomy, sulcus IOL implantation, and nuclear type cataract were significantly associated with increased risk of postoperative glaucoma (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with several predictors of postoperative glaucoma which may affect visual acuity may require extensive postoperative care after pediatric cataract surgery.

A Case of Intrahepatic Sarcomatoid Cholangiocarcinoma with Rhabdoid Transformation / 대한내과학회지

Rhabdoid transformation is an extremely rare occurrence in sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinoma. Only two cases have been reported in the medical literature worldwide, and its clinical and pathological characteristics remain unknown. Published case reports indicate that rhabdoid cholangiocarcinoma grows rapidly, with early metastasis and a particularly poor prognosis. Here, we report a case of rhabdoid transformation in sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinoma that exhibited aggressive behavior and resulted in a devastating prognosis.

Treatment of Pseudoaneurysm Caused by Insertion of Dual Lumen Catheter for Hemodialysis: A Case Report / 대한신장학회지

In patients with end-stage renal disease, cannulation of the central venous system with large-bore dual-lumen catheters is often necessary until a functioning vascular access can be created. However, the technique of placing a dual-lumen catheter can make complication. The right internal jugular vein is the preferred site of hemodialysis catheter placement because its complication rate was lower compared with the subclavian and left internal jugular veins. Common complications include severe bleeding, hematoma formation, pneumothorax and hemothorax, atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, malposition of the catheter, air embolism, secondary infections, and intraarterial placement of the catheter. We report an unusual case of pseudoaneurysm of the superior thyroidal artery complicating an attempt of internal jugular-vein catheterization which was successfully treated by endovascular coil embolization.

A Case of Scleromalacia Perforance That Developing after Surgery for Excision of the Pterygium in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis / 대한류마티스학회지

The ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common and they can vary from patient to patient. However, necrotizing anterior scleritis without inflammation (scleromalacia perforans) is a rare and serious opthalmic complication, and it is typically associated with long-standing RA. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of scleromalacia perforans are diverse and they are not completely understood, ophthalmic surgery is one of the well known causes of scleromalacia perforans. Patients with systemic autoimmune disease such as RA have an especially higher risk of scleromalacia perforans after opthalmic surgery. Because scleromalacia perforans is a potential threat not just to eyesight, but to life as well, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are required for its successful management. We experienced a case of scleromalacia perforans that developed after scleral excision of pterygium in a 58 year old woman who had a 7 year history of RA, and this was well treated with an early screral graft. We report here on this case along with a review of the relevant literature.

Transscleral IOL Fixation With Preserved Anterior Vitreous Face in Marfan Syndrome With Ectopia Lentis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transscleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation while preserving the anterior vitreous face in treating ectopia lentis of Marfan syndrome. METHODS: This study included six patients (12 eyes) who had undergone surgical intervention for ectopia lentis with or without lenticular opacity. We compared the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and after the surgery and evaluated perioperative complications. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of surgery was 18.2+/-10.7 years. The mean follow-up period was 11.2+/-7.1 months. Mean BCVA scores changed from 0.96+/-0.37 (LogMar Value) to 0.14+/-0.17 (LogMar Value). All patients showed more than two lines of improvement in visual acuity. In two eyes, pupillary capture was found. Medically controllable intraocular pressure elevation was found in three eyes. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that transscleral IOL fixation with a preserved anterior vitreous face can be a safe and effective technique in treating the ectopia lentis of Marfan syndrome.